ABSTRACT
With low carbohydrate diets glucose becomes unavailable as a source of energy for our body, leading to the production of ketones from fatty acids in the liver. The increase in plasma ketones is known as nutritional ketosis. The available evidence from basic and clinical studies indicates that both low carbohydrate and high fat low carbohydrate diets are effective for weight loss and are better than non-intervention. However, low carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diets induce unique metabolic changes and consistently improve some markers of cardiovascular risk, lowering elevated blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, ApoB and saturated fat concentrations, reducing small dense LDL particle numbers, glycated hemoglobin levels, blood pressure and body weight while increasing HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reversing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Low carbohydrate diets are an efficient strategy for the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome. They may also benefit patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. They must be prescribed by trained professionals to balance the risks and benefits for each individual patient. Future research is required to improve the knowledge about individual responses to dietary interventions, their safety, tolerance, efficacy and long-term effects.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Diet, Ketogenic , Triglycerides , Blood Glucose , Dietary Carbohydrates , Dietary Fats , Weight Loss , ObesityABSTRACT
La utilización de técnicas de reproducción asistida (TRA) ha aumentado en todo el mundo, incluyendo procedimientos como la donación de gametos, la subrogación y el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional. Creciente evidencia confirma que los embarazos de pacientes sometidas a estos tratamientos tienen un mayor riesgo de complicaciones perinatales. No queda claro si la causa de estos hallazgos se debe a la infertilidad subyacente o los tratamientos en sí. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo resumir la evidencia actual acerca de los efectos sobre los resultados maternos y perinatales tanto de los diferentes procedimientos propios de la fecundación in vitro como de algunos tipos de TRA especiales.
The use of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) has increased worldwide, including procedures such as gamete donation, subrogation and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Growing evidence confirms that pregnancies following these treatments have an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. It is not clear whether the cause of these findings is due to the underlying infertility or the treatments themselves. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the effects of both the different ART procedures and some special types of ART on maternal and perinatal outcomes.